Tanzania's Post-Election Dynamics: Analyzing Institutional and Governance Challenges

Lede

In the wake of the October 2025 general elections in Tanzania, the reelection of President Samia Suluhu Hassan with an overwhelming majority sparked significant public demonstrations. As a result, the country has been thrust into the international spotlight due to the intensity of public dissent and the government's response. The situation demands a detailed examination of the underlying governance and institutional factors that have led to this unrest.

Background and Timeline

The general elections held in October 2025 resulted in President Samia Suluhu Hassan securing a second term with 97.66% of the vote. This landslide victory, however, was met with skepticism and resistance from various factions within Tanzania. On October 29th, mass demonstrations erupted across major cities as citizens expressed their dissatisfaction with the electoral process. The protests, initially peaceful, soon escalated into violent clashes, leading to numerous casualties. The use of live ammunition by security forces has been widely reported, raising concerns about human rights and governance practices in the country.

Stakeholder Positions

Various stakeholders have weighed in on the demonstrations and the government's approach to addressing them. Human rights organizations have condemned the use of force, calling for investigations into the deaths and injuries of demonstrators. The government, on the other hand, has justified its actions as necessary to maintain law and order, emphasizing the need for stability and security. Regional bodies, such as the African Union, have expressed concern and urged for dialogue to resolve the tensions peacefully.

Regional Context

Tanzania's current predicament is not an isolated case within the African continent. Over the years, several countries have experienced post-election violence, often fueled by perceived electoral irregularities and governance issues. The region's political landscape is characterized by efforts to balance democratic processes with stability, a challenge that has frequently led to unrest when citizens feel disenfranchised or when governmental responses are seen as heavy-handed.

Forward-Looking Analysis

Looking forward, Tanzania faces the critical task of addressing the root causes of the demonstrations and ensuring that future elections inspire confidence among its citizens. This involves strengthening electoral processes, enhancing transparency, and fostering inclusive political dialogue. Institutional reforms aimed at improving governance and accountability can pave the way for more peaceful and democratic political transitions. Regional cooperation and support may also play a crucial role in facilitating constructive outcomes.

What Is Established

• President Samia Suluhu Hassan was re-elected with 97.66% of the vote in October 2025.
• Large-scale demonstrations broke out following the election results.
• There were significant casualties reported during the protests.
• The use of live ammunition by security forces has been documented.
• Regional and international bodies have expressed concern over the situation.

What Remains Contested

• The legitimacy of the electoral process and results is disputed by opposition groups.
• The exact number of casualties and the circumstances surrounding them are unclear.
• The extent of external influence or interference in the protests is debated.
• Allegations of media suppression and restriction of information remain unresolved.
• The government's accountability for the use of force is under scrutiny.

Institutional and Governance Dynamics

The situation in Tanzania highlights the intricate dynamics between electoral governance, public trust, and state authority. Institutional constraints, such as limited resources and regulatory frameworks, often challenge the efficiency and transparency of the electoral process. Moreover, the government's incentive to maintain stability can sometimes clash with demands for more open and accountable governance. Addressing these dynamics requires a nuanced approach that balances enforcement with respect for civil liberties and democratic principles.